INTRODUCTION The US Constitution is written. It is rigid. The reason for its rigidity is that its amendment process is challenging and complicated. A unique method is required to amend this Constitution. Only 26 modifications have been made to the Constitution so far in the history of the US Constitution. PROCEDURE OF AMENDMENT Article … Read more
INTRODUCTION Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers advocates dividing governmental authority into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Passion is the cruellest when it is most concentrated and least brutal when diversified. The way to avoid the abuse of power by governmental agencies is to divide the political power and vest it into the hands … Read more
INTRODUCTION The framers of the American Constitution were aware of the defects of the theory of separation of powers. They modified the system of separation of powers by a system of checks and balances to make authorities limited, controlled, and defused. MEANING OF CHECKS & BALANCES It is the theory of governmental power and … Read more
Introduction Human rights law is a cornerstone of international law, dedicated to safeguarding every individual’s inherent rights and freedoms, regardless of their background or nationality. We will delve into human rights law, examining its historical evolution, fundamental principles, international instruments, enforcement mechanisms, challenges, and progress in pursuing a more equitable and just world. Evolution … Read more
Introduction Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a powerful and versatile approach to resolving conflicts and disputes without resorting to traditional courtroom litigation. ADR offers a pragmatic and cost-effective way to address disputes, making it an invaluable tool in today’s legal landscape. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve deep into the world of ADR, exploring … Read more
INTRODUCTION In olden times, people were not well aware of their fundamental rights and did not know how to seek remedies if such rights were infringed. But in modern times, the concept of due process of law seems to be a natural and only human approach. Now, people are well aware of their fundamental rights … Read more
INTRODUCTION The U.S. Constitution provides fundamental rights to individuals in the Bill of Rights. Though these were not embodied in the original Constitution, they were inserted in the shape of the first ten amendments. The Bill of Rights, i.e. the first ten amendments, was proposed in 1789 and ratified in 1791. FREEDOM OF RELIGION, … Read more
INTRODUCTION The Supreme Court of the USA has the power of judicial review and declares any law passed by Congress as null and void if it Contradicts the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution has not expressly given this power to it, but the Supreme Court has acquired it through its interpretations of the Constitution. … Read more
INTRODUCTION The Supreme Court is the third branch of the federal government. The judiciary consists of a system of Courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughout the country. The judicial system in the USA is unique in several ways. It was the first federal system in the world. COMPOSITION OF … Read more
PREFACE The ideology of Pakistan, in reality, is the Ideology of Islam. The life of any Nation is subject to either human Ideology or metaphysical Ideology. An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order when fundamental societal changes threaten their status and the prevailing Ideology no longer … Read more
PREFACE The ideology of Pakistan, in reality, is the ideology of Islam. The life of any Nation is subject to either human ideology or metaphysical ideology. An idealogy emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order, when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in society, and when … Read more
PREFACE The Ideology of Pakistan, in reality, is the Ideology of Islam. The life of any Nation is subject to either human Ideology or metaphysical Ideology. An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order when fundamental societal changes threaten their status and the prevailing Ideology no longer … Read more
PREFACE The two-nation theory was the basis of the struggle to create Pakistan, which held that Hindus and Muslims are separate nations. Even though they have lived together for centuries, they did not forget their cultures and civilization. In Kitab ul Hind, Alberuni has said, “The two societies, Hindus and Muslims, are like two streams … Read more
PREFACE Sheikh Ahmad Al Farooq Sirhindi, commonly known as Mujaddid Alif Sani, was an Indian Islamic scholar and prominent member of the Naqshbandi Sufi order. He is regarded as having rejuvenated Islam, due to which he is commonly known as “Mujdid Alf Thani”. It means the reviver of the second millennium, referring to the Islamic … Read more
Law Admission Test (LAT) is a standardized test conducted by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. Its aim is to evaluate the academic ability, critical thinking, and analytical skills of candidates seeking admission to the undergraduate five-year LLB program. The test is mandatory and the candidates, aspiring to pursue a degree in law in … Read more
PREFACE In the British government, the candle of Islam was about to blow off in the presence of Hinduism, Christianity, and Sikhism. Still, Shah Waliullah dedicated his life to promoting Islam’s teachings and giving a new Islamic way of life. He made numerous efforts to put an end to the Sikh and Christian religions way. … Read more
INTRODUCTION Law is a set of rules and regulations a society creates to govern people’s behaviour and maintain order. It provides guidelines on how individuals should act and interact with one another and the consequences for violating those rules. The law helps to ensure fairness, protect rights, and resolve disputes. It applies to various aspects … Read more
Introduction A society is a collection of individuals who always work for the community’s prosperity. For this purpose, the organization must have control over its members. Any individual who deviates from the established norms may threaten its welfare. This is possible through social Control and the criminal justice system. Social Control is a mechanism through … Read more
BACKGROUND After the War of Independence, the Muslims were the target of the vengeful activities of the British Government. The Hindus could make the British believe that the Muslims threatened British rule. As a result, national recognition of the Muslims was in severe danger. At that crucial time, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first … Read more
INTRODUCTION Law is essential to any society, serving as the framework that governs human behaviour, resolves conflicts, and ensures justice. Throughout history, numerous classifications of law have emerged, each reflecting different approaches and philosophies toward the legal system. Various types of law commonly discussed are imperative law, physical or scientific law, natural law, conventional law, … Read more
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